Reference引用是留学作业中必不可少的元素,国外的老师很看重学生参考文献的引用,这个也是占分数的。Harvard、APA、MLA、Chicago等都是常见的reference引用格式,不同格式有不同的规范。
本次将为大家分享APA Referencing
APA格式有哪些内容?
总的来说,APA格式规范主要包含:标题(Title)、文章内容文献引用(Reference Citations in Text)和文章结束后参考文献列举(Reference List)三大部分。
APA的基本格式要求
APA格式——标题
APA格式——文内引用
文献引用格式具体为以下几种形式:
1. 单一作者的格式应为“(作者姓氏(非首字母),发表年份)”。
如:A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, 2005).
2. 两位作者。作者姓氏必须以他们的名字在其发表文章内的顺序来排序。若两个作者都在括号内引用,名字中间需加上“&”符号;若不在括号内则使用“and”。
如:A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling & Liu, 2005).
Pauling and Liu (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism.
3. 3至5位作者。第一次引用时需列举全部的作者,往后若引用相同的文献,只需举出最主要的作者,再加上“et al.”。但是,在参考文献部分,全部作者的姓名皆须列举出来。
如:
A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, Liu, & Guo, 2005).
Pauling, Liu, and Guo (2005) conducted a study that discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism.
Pauling et al. (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism.
A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling et al., 2005).
4. 6位作者以上。举出第一位作者即可,格式应为“(作者 et al.,年份)”。在参考文献部分,全部作者的姓名皆须列举出来。
如:Pauling et al. (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism.
如:A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, 2004, 2005a, 2005b).
Pauling (2004, 2005a, 2005b) conducted a study that discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism
6. 多篇文献,多位作者。根据上一个的规则,并且使用分号隔开。排序先依照作者姓氏的字母,接着是发表年份。
如:A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Alford, 1995;Sirkis, 2003; Pauling, 2004, 2005)
7. 直接引述。格式与前述无不同,一样为“(作者,年份,页数)”。
如:When asked why his behavior had changed so dramatically, Max simply said “I think it’s the reinforcement” (Pauling, 2004, p. 69)
APA格式——参考文献
通常“参考文献”部分的格式会因文献不同而产生不同格式,主要的文献格式有纸本文献和线上文献。
(一)纸本文献
1. 单一作者著作的书籍:
Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.
2. 两位作者以上合著的书籍:
Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press.
3. 文集中的文章:
Mcdonalds, A. (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books.
4. 期刊中的文章(连续页码):
Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God’s long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.
5. 期刊中的文章(非连续页码):
Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.
6. 月刊杂志中的文章:
Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28-31.
7. 报纸中的文章:
Wrong, M. (2005, August 17). Misquotes are “Problematastic” says Mayor. Toronto Sol. p. 4.
8. 政府官方文献:
Revenue Canada. (2001). Advanced gouging: Manual for employees (MP 65–347/1124). Ottawa: Minister of Immigration and Revenue.
(二)线上文献
针对电子文献、网站和线上文章,APA格式的网站上有订定一些基本的规则,第一就是提供读者详细的文献内容来源,第二为提供其有效的参考来源。
1. 网络文章的打印版本:
Marlowe, P., Spade, S., & Chan, C. (2001). Detective work and the benefits of colour versus black and white [Electronic version]。Journal of Pointless Research, 11, 123–124.
2. 电子期刊的文章(只有网络版的期刊):
Blofeld, E. S. (1994, March 1). Expressing oneself through Persian cats and modern architecture. Felines & Felons, 4, Article 0046g. Retrieved October 3, 1999, from http://journals.f+f.org/spectre/vblofeld-0046g.html
3. 电子简讯(newsletter)的文章:
Paradise, S., Moriarty, D., Marx, C., Lee, O. B., Hassel, E., et al. (1957, July). Portrayals of fictional characters in reality-based popular writing: Project update. Off the beaten path, 7(3). Retrieved October 3, 1999, from http://www.newsletter.offthebeatenpath.news/otr/complaints.html
4. 单篇线上文献(无作者及著作日期):
What I did today. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2002, from http://www.cc.mystory.life/blog/didtoday.html
5. 从大学课程或系上网站取得的文献:
Rogers, B. (2078). Faster-than-light travel: What we’ve learned in the first twenty years. Retrieved August 24, 2079, from Mars University, Institute for Martian Studies Web site: http://www.eg.spacecentraltoday.mars/university/dept.html
6. 从数据库搜寻的期刊文章的电子复制版本(3至5位作者):
Costanza, G., Seinfeld, J., Benes, E., Kramer, C., & Peterman, J. (1993). Minutiæ and insignificant observations from the nineteen-nineties. Journal about Nothing, 52, 475–649. Retrieved October 31, 1999, from NoTHINGJournals database.
7. 电子邮件或其他个人通讯(限定文字):
(A. Monterey, personal communication, September 28, 2001).
8. 储存于光碟的书籍:
Nix, G. (2002). Lirael, Daughter of the Clayr [CD]。New York: Random House/Listening Library.
9. 储存于录音带的书籍:
Nix, G. (2002). Lirael, Daughter of the Clayr [Cassette Recording No. 1999-1999-1999]。New York: Random House/Listening Library.
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