Reference引用是留学作业中必不可少的元素,国外的老师很看重学生参考文献的引用,这个也是占分数的。Harvard、APA、MLA、Chicago等都是常见的reference引用格式,不同格式有不同的规范。
本次将为大家分享MLA Referencing
MLA格式论文的基本格式
MLA格式要使用双倍行距;
MLA格式每个段落首行需要缩进一个“Tab”的长度;
MLA格式段落与段落之间不留空行;
MLA格式需要在论文每一页的右上角标注Last Name和页码,如"Amy 3";
MLA格式论文的基本结构
前4行左对齐,依次为:学生姓名,任课老师姓名,课程号,写作日期;
第5行居中书写论文名;
第6行开始为正文(包括多个段落,即引言Introduction,主体Body,结论Conclusion);
正文结束后,另起一页开始附上参考文献;
引用格式——文内引用
MLA文内引用和Harvard文献格式以及APA文献格式都有很大的不同。
MLA格式使用的是“作者姓+页码”的组合:
如:Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263).
或
Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263).
(一)如果引用的材料存在多个作者(人数超出三人)的情况,MLA格式需要使用“et al.”的缩略写法。
1. 引用作者人数未超过三人
如:The authors claim that surface reading looks at what is “evident, perceptible, apprehensible in texts” (Best and Marcus 9).
或
Best and Marcus argue that one should read a text for what it says on its surface, rather than looking for some hidden meaning (9).
2. 引用作者人数超过三人
如:According to Franck et al, "Current agricultural policies in the U.S. are contributing to the poor health of Americans" (327).
或
The authors claim that one cause of obesity in the United States is government-funded farm subsidies (Franck et al. 327).
(二)如果引用同一个作者的不同文献,则在文内引用中需要加上文献的名称。
1. 同一作者的两篇文章
如:Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children (“Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged elsewhere that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development in a child’s second and third year (“Hand-Eye Development” 17).
2. 同一作者的两本书
如:Murray states that writing is “a process” that “varies with our thinking style” (Write to Learn 6). Additionally, Murray argues that the purpose of writing is to “carry ideas and information from the mind of one person into the mind of another” (A Writer Teaches Writing 3).
(三)引用中文著作或期刊时同姓作者的情况较多,应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的首字母加以区分
如: (S.R. Wang 26) (J.X. Wang 30)
(四)引用无作者文献,如果文献标题没有出现在正文里,则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者(如果标题过长的话)使用该标题中的关键词组。
如:An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that his poems were too emotional ("Wordsworth Is A Loser" 100).
引用格式——文末引用
在MLA 参考文献格式中,主要有两种类型的文献,Print (书籍和期刊)和Web (网页引用内容),这些都必须要在文末的Works Cited中标注出来。
另外,每条引用条目还需要次行缩进。
引用格式——引用书籍
作者姓,名+书名(斜体)+出版社所在地+出版社名称+年份+"Print"
如:Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. Penguin, 1987.
引用格式——引用期刊
作者姓,名+文章名+期刊名(斜体)+卷.期(年份):页码+"Print"
如:Bagchi, Alaknanda. “Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi’s Bashai Tudu.” Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, vol. 15, no. 1, 1996, pp. 41-50.
引用格式——引用网页
作者姓,名+文章名+网站名+"Web"+浏览日期
如:Lundman, Susan. "How to Make Vegetarian Chili." eHow, www.ehow.com/how_10727_make-vegetarian-chili.html. Accessed 6 July 2015.
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